THE clipped scrawl of Britain’s spies in files hidden in a corner of the National Archive records the movements of volunteers ready to fight for Spain’s democracy 75 years ago.
But behind the simple collection of names – many of them Welsh – and dates lie heroic tales of lives risked to save a fledgling democracy from the fascism sweeping through Europe.
And the newly-released secret documents suggest almost twice as many volunteers from all corners of Britain and Ireland were suspected of travelling to Spain to fight in the country’s civil war against General Francisco Franco than previously thought.
The MI5 documents, released by the National Archive, list the names of the 4,000 British and Irish volunteers who joined the conflict after it began in 1936.
Among the entries are well-known Welsh veterans of the civil war, including Thomas William Paynter, Harry Stratton and Alun Menai Williams.
The 4,000 is significantly more than the figure of around 2,500 British volunteers for the International Brigade generally cited by historians, although it may include some who did not arrive.
Yet Dr Hywel Francis, the MP for Aberavon and author of Miners Against Fascism – Wales And The Spanish Civil War, told the Western Mail even the 4,000 maybe an underestimate.
Under the Foreign Enlistment Act, volunteers were breaking the law by joining the International Brigade.
The legislation dated back to 1870 and was invoked because of a non-intervention agreement signed by 27 countries, including Britain.
As a result, those who volunteered often went to great lengths to conceal their involvement.
Labour MP Dr Francis said: “It was totally undercover. Many of them didn’t even tell their families.
“One volunteer was told to leave in the middle of the night and not tell his wife.”
Dr Francis estimates around 180 Welsh volunteers attempted to get to Spain, with 120 or so making it to the front.
The remaining 60 included volunteers who were turned down because they had families or were caught by police on their way to Spain.
Estimates have suggested up to two thirds of the Welsh volunteers came from the South Wales mining area and the coal ports of Llanelli, Swansea and Cardiff.
Greg Lewis, author of A Bullet Saved My Life, which tells the story of Welsh volunteer Bob Peters’ involvement in the civil war, also believes more may have joined up from Wales than was previously believed.
Mr Lewis, a producer for ITV Wales, said: “If the figure has been revised up by so many for the UK and Ireland, you’d imagine we’re looking at a few more people having gone from Wales. So there are stories there we don’t know about.”
Communist Party member Paynter joined the International Brigade in 1937 and decades later would go on to become general secretary of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM).
His typed entry in the MI5 list reads: “PAYNTER, Thos Wm. May 1937. In Spain.”
In black handwriting alongside this it is recorded that Paynter, from Cardiff, “returned on 3/11/37”.
Stratton, a Swansea taxi driver and Communist, travelled through Paris and Perpignan to the volunteers assembly point at Figureres, in the Costa Brava.
His entry records him as having “returned” from Spain on October 13, 1937.
The entry for Menai Williams, from Gilfach Goch, who was the last living Welsh veteran of the conflict at his death in 2006, records him as “Fighting with Gov’t forces in Spain” in December 1937.
Well-known names among those who fought include the socialist author George Orwell.
The writer, listed under his real name Eric Blair, chronicled his experiences defending the Spanish Second Republic against Franco’s military uprising in his classic book Homage To Catalonia.
MI5 recorded in April 1937 that he was “fighting in Spain” and in a fuller entry noted his address, date of birth – albeit with the wrong year – and evidence of his left-wing sympathies.
The newly-digitised MI5 list contains more than 200 pages of names and dates detailing the movements of the men and women who left British ports on their way to the frontline in Spain, as well as a “roll of honour” of some of those killed in action.
This year marks the 75th anniversary of the start of the Spanish Civil War in July 1936.
The MI5 list can be downloaded free for a month at nationalarchives.gov.uk/ spanish-civil-war